Mini Habits

Mini Habits for Mega Change

Mini Habits are tiny, easy-to-do versions of the habits you want to build. The key is to set a super small requirement that you can easily accomplish every single day, no matter what. For example, doing 1 push-up instead of aiming for 100, or writing just 50 words instead of 2,000.

These mini habits ensure you experience daily success, which is crucial. When you succeed every day, no matter how small the task, it builds your self-efficacy - your belief in your ability to achieve your goals. This self-belief then empowers you to gradually do more and more.

Over time, these mini habits expand your comfort zone. The small, easy tasks become habits, and you naturally start doing more. So a 50-word writing habit can turn into 2,000 words per day. A single push-up can lead to being able to do 16 pull-ups. All without the risk of willpower depletion that comes with setting big, ambitious goals.

The beauty of mini habits is that they provide a sustainable path to significant personal growth. You make consistent progress by taking tiny, manageable steps every single day. It's an approach that works, even for people who have struggled with change in the past.

Here are specific examples from the context that support the key insight about mini habits leading to significant personal growth without willpower depletion:

• The author started with just one push-up on December 28, 2012, which led to him being able to do 16 pull-ups in a row and improving his physique.

• The author developed the habit of reading and writing every single day because of that initial one push-up.

• The author explains that even if you only meet the small requirement of a mini habit (like writing 50 words), it will still form into a habit and become easier to do more of it over time.

• The author was able to write over 5,000 words in one day with his mini habit of writing just 50 words per day, showing how mini habits can lead to significant productivity.

• The author states that mini habits are "too small to fail" and provide "constant success", avoiding the feelings of "guilt and inadequacy" that come with goal failure.

• The author pursued 3 mini habits at once with great success, demonstrating the flexibility of mini habits to build multiple habits in parallel.

The key concepts illustrated here are:

• Small, effortless versions of habits: Like 1 push-up or 50 words written per day
• Gradual expansion of comfort zone: Starting small and building up over time
• Avoiding willpower depletion: Mini habits require very little willpower, preventing burnout
• Consistent success and habit formation: Meeting even the small requirement leads to habit development
• Flexibility to build multiple habits: Ability to pursue 2-4 mini habits concurrently

These examples show how mini habits can lead to significant personal growth and change without the risks associated with larger, willpower-intensive goals.

The Brain's Habit Blueprint

The brain has a habit blueprint that drives our behaviors. At the core are two key players:

The basal ganglia is the brain's pattern detector. It recognizes and repeats behaviors through neural pathways that become stronger with repetition. This is the "autopilot" part of the brain that automates our habits.

The prefrontal cortex is the brain's manager. It oversees the basal ganglia, inhibiting undesirable behaviors and initiating new ones. However, the prefrontal cortex tires easily, relying on the basal ganglia's efficiency.

To form a new habit, you must repeatedly activate the desired neural pathway in the basal ganglia, while the prefrontal cortex provides the initial motivation and willpower. Over time, the behavior becomes automatic as the pathway strengthens. Rewards also play a key role, as the brain is more willing to repeat behaviors that are rewarding.

The brain's slow-changing nature is both a blessing and a curse. While it resists dramatic overnight changes, it also stabilizes beneficial habits once they are formed. The key is leveraging the brain's habit blueprint to your advantage.

Here are the key examples from the context that support the insight about the brain's habit blueprint:

• The study on people with damaged frontal lobes (which contain the prefrontal cortex) showed that they could not inhibit or override subconscious, automated behaviors. They would imitate the examiner's absurd gestures without being able to stop themselves, even when asked not to.

• In contrast, people with healthy frontal lobes found the examiner's behavior odd and did not feel compelled to imitate it. This suggests the prefrontal cortex can "step in" to inhibit or initiate behaviors, acting as the "manager" over automated operations.

• The study on Parkinson's patients, whose basal ganglia is dysfunctional, found they could not pick up on subtle patterns and improve their guessing performance, unlike healthy participants. This indicates the basal ganglia plays a central role in detecting patterns and forming habits.

• The context explains that repetition is key for the "subconscious brain" to automate behaviors into habits by strengthening neural pathways. Rewards also motivate the brain to repeat behaviors and solidify habits.

• The brain is described as "slow-changing and stable", where habits become deeply ingrained over time, making both good and bad habits difficult to change. But this stability also allows habits to become automatic and effortless once formed.

Willpower Over Motivation

Willpower, not motivation, is the foundation for lasting habit change. Motivation is unreliable and based on fleeting emotions, while willpower can be systematically strengthened over time.

The brain prefers efficiency, so it naturally gravitates towards established habits that require minimal effort. New behaviors, however, demand conscious effort to override existing neural pathways. This is where willpower comes into play. By repeatedly taking small, achievable actions, you can build up your willpower reserves and make those new habits stick.

Unlike motivation, willpower is a skill that can be developed through practice. Studies show that regularly exercising self-control in one area can improve self-control in unrelated domains. This means you can train your willpower to become more reliable and enduring.

Additionally, willpower allows you to schedule consistent practice, which is essential for habit formation. Motivation ebbs and flows, but willpower enables you to show up and take action regardless of how you feel in the moment.

The key is to start small. Mini habits that require minimal willpower can snowball into larger, more meaningful behaviors as your self-control strengthens. This gradual, sustainable approach is far more effective than relying on the unreliable ups and downs of motivation.

Here are key examples from the context that support the insight that willpower, not motivation, is the key to consistent habit formation:

• The chart shows that when motivation is high, willpower cost is low, but when motivation drops to zero, the willpower "cost" is high. This demonstrates that relying on motivation alone is unreliable for sustaining behaviors over time.

• Studies have shown that willpower can be strengthened like a muscle, unlike motivation which is more volatile and dependent on external factors. For example, one study found that students who exercised their willpower to improve their posture showed improved self-control in other areas.

• Willpower strategies can be scheduled, unlike motivation which is unpredictable. The context states that "Using willpower, though, you can schedule an activity and do it whether you are motivated at the time or not. This allows for consistency, which is both habit- and calendar-friendly."

• The context explains that new behaviors require manually overriding typical behaviors, which requires willpower. As the new behavior is repeated, a "baby neural pathway" grows, reducing the willpower required over time. This demonstrates how willpower is key to building habits.

• The five main causes of willpower depletion (effort, perceived difficulty, negative affect, subjective fatigue, and blood glucose levels) are shown to be "mostly or completely nullified by mini habits" - small, easy actions that preserve willpower.

In summary, the key examples illustrate how willpower can be strengthened and managed, unlike the unreliable and volatile nature of motivation, making willpower the superior strategy for building consistent habits.

Ego Depletion Counter Measures

The Mini Habits strategy is designed to counter the five main causes of ego depletion - effort, perceived difficulty, negative affect, subjective fatigue, and blood glucose levels. By requiring only tiny, effortless actions, Mini Habits preserve your willpower reserves, allowing you to build sustainable habits over time.

The key is starting with actions so small and easy that they require minimal willpower. This drastically reduces the effort and perceived difficulty, preventing the negative feelings and fatigue that often derail willpower-based approaches. And since Mini Habits are independent of blood glucose levels, you can take action even when you're feeling physically drained.

Most importantly, the flexibility of Mini Habits ensures you can always find a way to succeed, no matter your mood or energy levels on a given day. Whether you do the bare minimum or exceed it, each completed Mini Habit reinforces your sense of accomplishment, building the self-efficacy needed for long-term change. This makes Mini Habits a robust, willpower-preserving strategy for adding healthy habits to your life.

Key Insight: Mini Habits strategically nullify the five main causes of ego depletion, preserving willpower for sustainable habit formation.

Examples:

• Effort: Mini habits require very little actual effort, such as doing just one push-up or writing 50 words. The subsequent bonus effort is variable, reducing the chance of burnout. The Mini Habits system is rigid in the beginning to force you to start, but flexible after that to allow you to decide how much extra to do.

• Perceived Difficulty: Mini habits have almost zero perceived difficulty by design. The author notes that when his goal was a 30-minute workout, the perceived difficulty was much higher than the actual difficulty. But when he started with just one push-up, the perceived difficulty dropped substantially.

• Negative Affect: The author notes that negative affect is less relevant for mini habits, as they are about adding good things rather than replacing pleasures. Replacing a pleasure with a mini habit commitment that is so small means you won't feel negative affect from it.

• Subjective Fatigue: Mini habits come with a mini amount of subjective fatigue. The author found that when his goal was large, his subjective fatigue worsened, as the mind "looks ahead" to the upcoming work. But with a mini goal of just one push-up, he felt he had plenty of energy to complete it.

• Blood Glucose Levels: While blood sugar levels are independent of mini habits, the fact that they are energy-efficient and willpower-efficient helps preserve blood sugar as much as any goal/habit strategy could. And if you're tired from low blood sugar, mini habits give you the best chance to take action anyway.

Smart Steps to Beat Resistance

To overcome resistance and build new habits, scale tasks down to 'stupid small' steps. This minimizes mental and physical barriers, making it easier to start and maintain momentum.

For example, instead of aiming to exercise for 30 minutes, commit to just 1 push-up per day. Or instead of writing a full article, target 50 words. These tiny actions slide under your brain's radar, allowing you to build a habit without feeling overwhelmed.

The key is to focus on consistency, not intensity. Small, repeatable steps compound over time, leading to significant progress. And the more you succeed at these mini habits, the more your self-efficacy - your belief in your ability to achieve - will grow.

Don't be fooled by the simplicity of this approach. Habits, both good and bad, are formed through repetition. By making the first step ridiculously easy, you remove the mental resistance that often sabotages our best intentions. Start small, and watch your habits blossom.

Here are key examples from the context that support the insight of using "stupid small" steps to overcome resistance:

• The author describes "stupid small" steps that "slide under the brain's radar" and can get you started on a task like going to the gym, even when you feel burnout and resistance. For example, just doing one push-up can lead to doing more.

• The author shares his own experience with the "One Push-up Challenge" - initially he felt "above" doing just one push-up, thinking it was worthless. But he found that doing that one small step helped him exercise for 30 minutes, changing his mind.

• The author discusses the success of Allen Carr's book "The Easy Way To Quit Smoking", which focuses on repeatedly telling smokers that "Quitting is easy." This simple message helps change the mindset, making the behavior change feel more achievable.

• The author explains that "mini habits make you believe that adding healthy behaviors is easy." Even if you're skeptical at first, the small steps make it possible to "never lose" and eventually "win" by forming the habit.

• The author provides examples of using the "why drill" to identify core reasons for wanting a habit, rather than relying on external pressures. This helps ensure the habit is aligned with your values.

• The author discusses the two key moments of resistance - before taking action, and when trying to do more than the minimum. Using "stupid small" steps helps overcome both types of resistance.

In summary, the context provides multiple real-world examples and anecdotes demonstrating how scaling tasks down to "stupid small" steps can make it much easier to overcome resistance and successfully build new habits.

Self-Efficacy and Autonomy Boost

Mini Habits boost your self-efficacy - your belief in your ability to influence outcomes. By providing consistent, achievable successes, Mini Habits train you to believe in yourself. You'll see that you can actually follow through on your goals, even if they're small.

Mini Habits also offer autonomy in your personal development. You're free to exceed your mini requirements and explore healthy behaviors at your own pace, without feeling controlled by rigid goals. This autonomy activates your intrinsic motivation, making the process more enjoyable and sustainable.

The combination of self-efficacy and autonomy is powerful. You'll feel in control of your progress, not at the mercy of your willpower or motivation. Mini Habits empower you to take consistent, manageable action towards your goals, boosting your confidence and commitment along the way.

Here are examples from the context that support the key insight that mini habits enhance self-efficacy and autonomy:

• Self-Efficacy:

  • "Mini Habits are a self-efficacy-generating machine, and importantly, you can get started successfully with zero self-efficacy. Your daily successes will train you to have high self-efficacy."
  • "How can you not believe in your ability to do one push-up per day? You can do it in between these two sentences. And this amounts to strengthening your self-efficacy through practice."
  • "Mini habits double as training for believing in yourself."

• Autonomy:

  • "After your mini habits, you're free to do what you want. Autonomy appears to work by means of activating our intrinsic motivation."
  • "Examples they mentioned in which increased autonomy gave better results (each supported by their own study) are morbidly obese people losing weight, smokers quitting, and diabetics controlling their blood glucose levels."
  • "A primary benefit of mini habits is being able to do them no matter how you feel, including that sense of pre-goal satisfaction that tends to disrupt progress. Because the requirement is so small, there is no valid excuse—not from happiness or lethargy—to skip it."

The key terms explained are:

• Self-Efficacy: Your belief in your ability to influence an outcome and achieve goals.
• Autonomy: A sense of personal control and freedom in one's actions.

Quotes

Let's take a look at some key quotes from "Mini Habits" that resonated with readers.

It's not what we do once in a while that shapes our lives. It's what we do consistently.

The quote means that our regular, everyday actions are what truly define and shape our lives, rather than isolated or occasional events. By consistently performing certain habits or behaviors, we create long-term patterns and ultimately become the person we are.

If you don't execute your ideas, they die.” — Roger von Oech

Transform your thoughts into actions; otherwise, they'll lose their potential and fade away. Taking action on your ideas ensures their survival and growth.

Be the person with embarrassing goals and impressive results instead of one of the many people with impressive goals and embarrassing results.

It's better to have modest goals and achieve them, rather than setting ambitious goals and failing to reach them. By focusing on small, manageable targets, you can build self-confidence and consistently make progress, leading to impressive results over time.

Chapter Notes

Section 6: Introduction to Mini Habits

• Mini Habits: A mini habit is a much smaller version of a new habit you want to form, such as doing 1 push-up instead of 100 push-ups daily. The power of mini habits lies in the application, mindset, positive feedback loop, and leveraging small steps into habits.

• Habits and the Brain: Habits are important because they make up about 45% of our behavior. Habits are formed by repetition, which strengthens the associated neural pathways in the brain. Stress can increase habitual behavior, both good and bad.

• Habit Formation Timeline: It takes 66 days on average to form a new habit, but the range can vary widely from 18 to 254 days. The first sign of habit formation is decreased resistance, as the brain prefers to perform habits due to their existing neural pathways and known rewards.

• Importance of Small Steps: Big intentions are worthless if they don't bring results. Doing a little bit every day has a greater impact than doing a lot on one day, as small steps can grow into lifelong foundational habits. Small steps are better than big intentions because they are more achievable and sustainable.

• Overcoming Limitations: Standard habit strategies often don't account for human limitations, such as overestimating self-control ability and the impact of stress on habits. The Mini Habits system is designed to overcome these limitations and practically guarantee daily success.

• Applying Mini Habits: Mini habits can be used to build good habits in various areas of life, such as fitness, learning, and productivity. However, they are not suitable for breaking deeply-rooted bad habits like addiction, which may require professional assistance.

Section 7: How Your Brain Works

• Repetition is the language of the subconscious brain: The subconscious brain responds to repetition, and this is the key to habit formation. Repeating a behavior consistently over time can automate the process and make it more energy-efficient for the brain.

• Reward is essential for habit change: The brain is more willing to repeat a behavior if it is rewarded. Habits are formed when the brain associates a behavior with a positive outcome.

• The brain is slow-changing and stable: The human brain has routines and a framework that allow it to respond consistently to the world. This stability can be both beneficial and frustrating, as it can make it difficult to change established habits.

• The basal ganglia and the prefrontal cortex are the two primary players in the brain: The basal ganglia is the "stupid repeater" that recognizes and repeats patterns, while the prefrontal cortex is the "smart manager" that understands long-term consequences and can override the basal ganglia.

• The prefrontal cortex is the defense against automated behavior: The prefrontal cortex can inhibit or initiate behavior, and its presence can prevent us from robotically imitating undesirable behaviors.

• A dysfunctional basal ganglia leads to the inability to form habits: Research shows that people with Parkinson's disease, whose basal ganglia is impaired, are unable to detect patterns and form new habits.

• Motivation and willpower are necessary before a behavior becomes a habit: Before a behavior becomes automatic, the two ways to get yourself to do it consistently are motivation and willpower.

Section 8: Motivation Vs. Willpower

• Motivation vs. Willpower: Motivation and willpower have an important relationship, where motivation is the x-axis and willpower cost is the y-axis. When motivation is high, willpower cost is low, but when motivation drops, willpower cost skyrockets, making it difficult to sustain a behavior over time.

• Problems with "Getting Motivated": Motivation is an unreliable strategy for building habits because it is based on unpredictable human feelings and emotions. It's difficult to maintain motivation, especially for activities that are good for us but not inherently enjoyable.

• Motivation Sets Us Up for Failure: As a behavior transitions into a habit, the initial excitement and enthusiasm decreases, which can lead to people abandoning their plans when they no longer feel motivated, even if they were successful.

• Why Willpower Beats Motivation: Willpower is a more reliable strategy than motivation because it can be strengthened like a muscle, and willpower-based strategies can be scheduled, allowing for consistency in building habits.

• How Willpower Works: Willpower is a limited resource that can be depleted by factors such as effort, perceived difficulty, negative affect, subjective fatigue, and blood glucose levels. Overcoming these five hurdles is key to successfully using a willpower-based strategy.

• Motivational Incentives, Training, and Glucose Supplementation: According to a meta-analysis, these factors can help promote better self-control in people who have depleted their willpower reserves.

• Mini Habits Strategy: The next chapter will discuss how the Mini Habits strategy fits with the concepts of motivation and willpower covered in this chapter, and how it can help overcome the five main causes of willpower depletion.

Section 9: The Strategy Of Mini Habits

• Willpower is Limited, but Mini Habits Preserve It: The Mini Habits strategy is designed around the assumption that willpower is limited, as shown in the meta-analysis. However, Mini Habits can be beneficial even if willpower is not limited, as they require almost no willpower to complete, allowing you to make progress regardless of your willpower state.

• Mini Habits Nullify the Five Main Causes of Ego Depletion: The five main causes of ego depletion (effort, perceived difficulty, negative affect, subjective fatigue, and blood glucose levels) are mostly or completely nullified by Mini Habits, as they require very little effort, have almost zero perceived difficulty, typically induce no negative affect, mitigate subjective fatigue, and are energy-efficient.

• Mini Habits Expand Your Comfort Zone Gradually: Mini Habits allow you to gradually expand your comfort zone by taking small steps outside of it, rather than sprinting far outside and struggling to stay there. This gradual expansion can permanently change your boundaries and lead to lasting personal growth.

• Two Moments of Resistance: There are two main moments of resistance when adopting a new habit: resistance before taking action (which Mini Habits address by making the first step very small) and resistance to doing more than the minimum requirement (which can be overcome by continuing to use small steps).

• Mini Habits Overcome Mental and Physical Barriers: Mini Habits can help you overcome both mental barriers (lack of motivation) and physical barriers (lack of energy) to taking action, as the small requirement makes it easier to get started and build momentum, even when you don't feel like it.

• Fitting Mini Habits Into a Busy Lifestyle: Mini Habits are small and willpower-efficient enough that you can have multiple habits at once, making them a good fit for busy and overwhelmed people. They serve as a foundation for your day, allowing you to then do additional activities as desired.

Section 10: The Mini Habits Difference

• Mini Habits Can Compete With Existing Habits: Traditional habit programs often fail because they ask you to compete head-to-head with your existing, stronger habits. Mini habits, on the other hand, are "low willpower Trojan horses" that can leverage their easy access into the brain's control room to build new habits.

• Small Steps and Willpower: The perfect combination for personal development is small steps (which require little to no willpower) and willpower. By taking small, manageable steps, you can effectively build new habits without depleting your willpower.

• Mini Habits Increase Self-Efficacy: Mini habits help build your belief in your ability to influence outcomes (self-efficacy), which is crucial for achieving goals and creating habits. The small, daily successes of mini habits train you to have high self-efficacy.

• Mini Habits Provide Autonomy: Unlike many self-help approaches that try to control you, mini habits give you a sense of autonomy and freedom. You set the small, easy requirements, and then you're free to exceed them as you wish, without guilt or an overbearing burden of heavy goals.

• Balancing Abstract and Concrete Goals: Mini habits marry the abstract (e.g., "be fit") and concrete (e.g., "do one push-up") goals, allowing you to benefit from both types of thinking. This flexibility helps you stay consistent, as you can adapt to different moods and situations.

• Overcoming Fears and Doubts: By taking that first small step with mini habits, you can gradually overcome fears, doubts, and hesitation. As you experience that the task isn't as daunting as you thought, your confidence and willingness to continue grow.

• Bonus Effects: Mindfulness and Willpower: Mini habits can also lead to increased mindfulness (being aware of your thoughts and actions) and willpower (the ability to control your impulses and behaviors), which are valuable skills for personal growth and habit formation.

Section 11: Mini Habits – Eight Small Steps

• Choose Mini Habits and Habit Plan: The chapter recommends choosing a habit plan (flexible, single, or multiple) and selecting "stupid small" mini habits that are easy to accomplish, such as one push-up, writing 50 words, or reading 2 pages.

• Use the "Why Drill": The "why drill" involves repeatedly asking "why" to identify the core reasons and values behind your desired habits, which is important for maintaining motivation.

• Define Habit Cues: Habit cues can be time-based (e.g., 3 PM), activity-based (e.g., after lunch), or freedom-based (i.e., completing the habit anytime before bed). Freedom-based cues allow for more flexibility.

• Create a Reward Plan: Rewards, such as small treats or enjoyable activities, can help restore willpower and reinforce habit formation. The chapter emphasizes the importance of celebrating small wins.

• Write Everything Down: Physically writing down your mini habits and tracking your progress, such as on a calendar, can amplify the prominence of your habits in your mind and increase your sense of success.

• Think Small: Mini habits are designed to be "stupid small" in order to strengthen willpower, enable immediate progress, and avoid willpower exhaustion. Overachievement is encouraged, but the original mini habit target should not be increased.

• Meet Your Schedule & Drop High Expectations: It's important to avoid setting high expectations for the quantity of work and instead focus on consistency. Habits become easier over time as they transition to normality.

• Watch for Signs of Habit: Signs that a mini habit has become a habit include reduced resistance, identification with the behavior, mindless action, lack of worry, normalization, and boredom. Overachievement should be handled carefully to maintain the benefits of the mini habit approach.

Section 12: Eight Mini Habit Rules

Here are the key takeaways from the chapter:

• Never Cheat on Your Mini Habits: It's important to strictly adhere to the mini habit requirement you set for yourself, as any extra requirement will demand more willpower and increase the risk of failure. You should always be free to do more than the mini habit, but the mini habit itself should remain small and achievable.

• Be Happy with All Progress: Celebrate even the smallest of achievements from your mini habits, as they represent the start of your personal growth journey. The first step is the hardest, and as you take it, your dormant dreams and passions will be awakened and encouraged.

• Reward Yourself Often: Rewarding yourself after completing a mini habit creates a positive feedback loop, encouraging you to perform the habit again. Rewards can be as simple as a self-affirmation or as indulgent as a night out.

• Stay Level-headed: Maintain a calm, steady mindset when building habits. Avoid getting overly excited or motivated, as this can lead to burnout. Consistency and patience are key.

• Back Off and Go Smaller if You Feel Strong Resistance: If you encounter significant resistance to a task, scale it back to the smallest possible step that your brain will accept. This "stupid small" approach helps you overcome willpower depletion and maintain progress.

• Remind Yourself How Easy This Is: Reframe your perspective to see your mini habits as effortless tasks, rather than daunting challenges. Believing that the behaviors are easy to accomplish will help your subconscious mind adapt and make them truly easy over time.

• There is No Step Too Small: Every big accomplishment is built on a series of small steps. Embrace the power of tiny actions, as they are the foundation for sustainable change.

• Channel Extra Energy into Bonus Reps, Not Bigger Requirements: If you feel motivated to do more, direct that energy into exceeding your mini habit, rather than increasing the requirement itself. This allows you to maintain the integrity of your mini habit system while still making progress.

Section 13: Final Words and Modifying Mini-Habits

• Gradual Increase in Mini-requirements: The author discusses a modified version of the Mini Habits system where the requirement is gradually increased. However, the author prefers not to do this, as it can lead to a loss of freedom, flexibility, and autonomy.

• When to Consider Increasing Requirements: The author suggests considering increasing the requirement only if you find yourself consistently meeting the minimum day after day, and only after giving it at least a month. This is because until a behavior becomes a habit, increasing the requirement can be risky.

• Leveraging Habits for Higher Requirements: Once a habit is established, the author suggests that you can experiment with higher requirements, as you have built a strong base and developed your willpower, making larger requirements more attainable.

• Patience and Consistency: The author notes that it may take 60 days of meeting the bare minimum before you can leverage the habit, as was the case with reading for the author.

• Mini Habits as a Guide for Self-control: The author emphasizes that Mini Habits is not just a system for developing healthy habits, but a guide for self-control that can be applied to any situation where you want to take action.

• Celebrating Small Successes: The author concludes by wishing the reader "very small successes, over and over and over again," emphasizing the importance of celebrating and building upon even the smallest of achievements.

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